U.S. commercial human spaceflight is set to accelerate over the next two years as SpaceX launches more commercial missions into orbit, Blue Origin’s New Shepard resumes suborbital flights, and Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo VSS Unity completes its test flight program and enters commercial service.
The acceleration will occur as Congress debates whether to extend a moratorium on safety regulations designed to protect passengers and crew members. That moratorium is set to expire on October 1, 2023. Industry officials say an extension is needed because the vehicles are not mature enough. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) wants it to expire so that regulations can be formulated. A Congressional review by the Rand Corporation sided with the FAA’s stance.
So, how mature is the industry? How many commercial flights have been conducted? How many people have flown? And what lies ahead for U.S. commercial spaceflight?
Flights to Date
The table below shows spaceflights by Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic, and SpaceX. Boeing is due to join the list this summer when the company conducts a crewed flight test of its CST-100 Starliner spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS) under NASA’s Commercial Crew program.
Human Spaceflights by U.S. Commercial Companies
December 2018-Present
| Company/Vehicle | Type | No. of Flights | Passengers/Crew |
|---|---|---|---|
| Suborbital | |||
| Blue Origin New Shepard | Commercial | 6 | 32* |
| Virgin Galactic VSS Unity* | Flight Tests | 4 | 13+ |
| Subtotal: | 10 | 45 | |
| Orbital | |||
| SpaceX Crew Dragon | ISS Crew | 6 | 24 |
| SpaceX Crew Dragon | ISS Flight Test | 1 | 2 |
| SpaceX Crew Dragon (Ax-1) | ISS Commercial | 1 | 4 |
| SpaceX Crew Dragon (Inspiration4) | Commercial Orbital | 1 | 4 |
| Subtotal, Orbital: | 9 | 32 | |
| Subtotal, Suborbital: | 10 | 45 | |
| Total: | 19 | 77 |
+ Reflects number of people on board; four crew members flew multiple times
Blue Origin’s New Shepard entered commercial service in July 2021. It has flown 31 individuals to suborbital space on six launches. (One passenger, Evan Dick, flew twice.)
Virgin Galactic has conducted four suborbital flight tests with a 13 people on board since December 2018. Three of VSS Unity‘s four pilots have flown the ship more than once. Chief Astronaut Trainer Beth Moses has flown twice in the passenger cabin. She was joined on one flight by Virgin Chairman Richard Branson and two company employees.
SpaceX has flown 32 astronauts on seven Crew Dragon missions to ISS. Six flights were commercial missions that each carried four astronauts from the United States, Europe, Japan, Russia and the United Arab Emirates. These launches were preceded by a demonstration flight that sent NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley on a 64-day mission to ISS.
Former NASA astronaut Michael Lopez-Alegria commanded Axiom Space’s Ax-1 mission that took three paying customers to the space station in April 2022. The company has booked three other flights to ISS with SpaceX.
Jared Isaacman commanded the three-day Inspiration4 Earth orbit mission with three crew members in September 2021. Isaacman is planning two commercial Aurora Dawn flights using SpaceX’s Crew Dragon and one flight with the company’s Starship spacecraft.
Future Suborbital Flights
Blue Origin suspended New Shepard flights last September after a dedicated microgravity launch failed due to a flaw in the booster. The company has identified the cause of the accident and is making modification to prevent a recurrence.
Blue Origin has said it plans to resume flights later this year with a repeat the microgravity mission that failed. The company will also resume launches with paying customers. Blue Origin has not revealed the timetable for New Shepard’s return to flight.
Virgin Galactic plans to complete its flight test program with a suborbital mission with four passengers aboard during the second quarter of this year. That flight will be followed by the company’s first paid mission with two Italian Air Force pilots and an Italian researcher on board. Moses will be in the passenger cabin to help guide them.
Virgin Galactic will then begin flying the first of 800 customers who have signed up for suborbital flights. The company has said they plan to have VSS Unity fly on a monthly basis.
Future Orbital Flights
At least nine orbital missions carrying 34 astronauts are planned for 2023-24. Twenty-six astronauts are scheduled to visit the space station, and eight astronauts are set to fly missions in Earth orbit.
Future Commercial Orbital Flights
2023-24
| Date | Company/Vehicle | Customer | Type | Crew |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 8 | SpaceX Crew Dragon | Axiom Space (Ax-2) | ISS Commercial | Peggy Whitson, John Shoffner, Ali AlQarni, Rayyanah Barnawi |
| July 21 | Boeing CST-100 Starliner | NASA | ISS Flight Test | Barry Wilmore, Sunita Williams |
| Summer | SpaceX Crew Dragon | Polaris Dawn | Commercial Orbital | Jared Isaacman, Scott Poteet, Sarah Gillis, Anna Menon |
| Aug. 17 | SpaceX Crew Dragon | NASA | ISS Crew-7 | Jasmin Moghbeli, Andreas Mogensen, Satoshi Furukawa, Konstantin Borisov |
| Nov. 2023 | SpaceX Crew Dragon | Axiom Space (Ax-3) | ISS Commercial | 4-member crew will include 2 Turkish astronauts |
| 2024 | SpaceX Crew Dragon | NASA | ISS Crew-8 | 4-member crew TBA |
| 2024 | SpaceX Crew Dragon | Axiom Space (Ax-4) | ISS Commercial | 4-member crew TBA |
| 2024 | SpaceX Crew Dragon | NASA | ISS Crew-9 | 4-member crew TBA |
| TBA | SpaceX Crew Dragon | Polaris Dawn | Commercial Orbital | Jared Isaacman + 3 |
SpaceX will fly three crews to ISS for NASA at roughly six-month intervals. The first mission will carry American astronaut Jasmin Moghbeli, Russian cosmonaut Konstantin Borisov, Danish astronaut Andreas Mogensen and Japanese astronaut Satoshi Furukawa to the station in August. NASA has ordered a total of 14 flight to ISS from SpaceX.
The first of three additional Axiom missions will lift off on May 8. Former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson will fly American John Shoffner and Saudi astronauts Ali AlQarni and Rayyanah Barnawi on a two-week mission to the space station.
Axiom Space’s third mission will carry two Turkish astronauts to the station in November. The company has not yet named the rest of the four-member crew. Axiom Space will conduct its fourth mission in 2024.
NASA astronauts Barry Wilmore and Sunita Williams will fly Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner on a week-long flight test to ISS. It will be the final flight before Starliner begins carrying astronauts to the station on a commercial basis. NASA and Boeing have not announced when the first operational mission will be flown.
Isaacman will command the first Polaris Dawn mission over the summer. He will be joined by retired U.S. Air Force pilot Scott Poteet and SpaceX employees Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon. The crew will fly parts of the Van Allen radiation belt and conduct the first commercial spacewalk.
Isaacman has not publicly revealed the schedule for the second and third Polaris Dawn missions.
