Scientists have known for years that one day, the sun will expand into a red giant and engulf its closest planets. A new study now explores how these devoured planets can influence the processes inside the dying star.
When stars the size of the sun run out of hydrogen in their cores, they balloon into red giants that may be more than ten times larger than the original star. As these red giants engulf the planets that orbit them, all sorts of things can happen.
Engulfing large planets, defined as 10 or more times the size of Jupiter, can trigger the star into shedding its envelope and increasing its brightness by several orders of magnitude for several thousands of years, the new study claims.
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The study was conducted using a method called hydrodynamical simulations, and provides a glimpse into the possible future scenarios of our own solar system’s evolution. Because of the size of red giant stars, the researchers had to model only a small section of the boundary where the stars meet the planets to gain in-depth insights into the interactions.
“Evolved stars can be hundreds or even thousands of times larger than their planets, and this disparity of scales makes it difficult to perform simulations that accurately model the physical processes occurring at each scale,” Ricardo Yarza, a graduate astronomy student at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and lead author of the study, said in a statement (opens in new tab). “Instead, we simulate a small section of the star centered on the planet to understand the flow around the planet and measure the drag forces acting on it.”
The results may not only provide a glimpse into what will happen 5 billion years from now when our sun turns into a red giant, but also explain recent findings of planets orbiting white dwarfs, the burned-out stellar corpses into which stars turn after the red giant phase.
These studies, exploring the end stages of this planetary engulfment, suggest that some planets may survive being burnt by the red giants.
In our solar system, the closest planets to the sun, Mercury and Venus, are expected to get swallowed by the growing sun entirely. Earth, while it may survive, will be so scorched that it will become completely uninhabitable. Some of the more distant and currently freezing cold bodies, such as Jupiter, Saturn and their moons, may develop more life-friendly conditions in the vicinity of the blown-up sun.
While only a few planets that have likely survived a red giant engulfment have been observed so far, researchers believe that further studies of exoplanets will lead to more such discoveries.
“We believe [planetary engulfment] is relatively common,” Yarza said.
The study was accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal and is available in the online repository arxiv (opens in new tab).
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