Satellite data shows sustained severe drought in Europe

Europe has been experiencing a severe drought for years. Across the continent, groundwater levels have been consistently low since 2018, even if extreme weather events with flooding temporarily give a different picture. The beginning of this tense situation is documented in a 2020 study by Eva Boergens in Geophysical Research Letters. In it, she noted that there was a striking water shortage in Central Europe during the summer months of 2018 and 2019.

Since then, there has been no significant rise in groundwater levels; the levels have remained constantly low. This is shown by data analyses by Torsten Mayer-Gürr and Andreas Kvas from the Institute of Geodesy at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz). As part of the EU’s Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) project, they used satellite gravimetry to observe the world’s groundwater resources and documented their changes in recent years.

Far-reaching consequences

The effects of this prolonged drought were evident in Europe in the summer of 2022. Dry riverbeds, stagnant waters that slowly disappeared and with them numerous impacts on nature and people.

Not only did numerous aquatic species lose their habitat and dry soils cause many problems for agriculture, but the energy shortage in Europe also worsened as a result. Nuclear power plants in France lacked the cooling water to generate enough electricity and hydroelectric power plants could not fulfill their function without sufficient water.

Groundwater measurement from space

How can the geodesists at TU Graz use data from space to make accurate statements about groundwater reservoirs? At the heart of the G3P project are twin satellites named Tom and Jerry, which orbit the Earth in a polar orbit at an altitude of just under 490 kilometers. The distance between the satellites of around 200 kilometers is important. The one behind must not catch up with the one in front, which is why they have been given the name Tom and Jerry in reference to the cartoon characters.

The distance between the satellites is being constantly and precisely measured. If they fly over a mountain, the satellite in front is initially faster than the one behind because of the increased mass under it. Once it has passed the mountain, it slows down slightly again, but the rear satellite accelerates as soon as it reaches the mountain. Once both are over the mountain, their relative speed is established once more. These changes in distance over large masses are the main measurement variables for determining the Earth’s gravitational field and are ascertained with micrometer precision.

Monthly gravity map of the Earth

All of this happens at a flight speed of around 30,000 km/h. The two satellites thus manage 15 Earth orbits a day, which means that they achieve complete coverage of the Earth’s surface after one month. This in turn means that TU Graz can provide a gravity map of the Earth every month.

“The processing and the computational effort here are quite large. We have a distance measurement every five seconds and thus about half a million measurements per month. From this we then determine gravity field maps,” says Torsten Mayer-Gürr.

Mass minus mass equals mass

However, the gravity map does not yet determine the amount of groundwater. This is because the satellites show all mass changes and make no distinction between sea, lakes or groundwater. This requires cooperation with all other partners in the EU G3P project. Torsten Mayer-Gürr and his team provide the total mass, from which the mass changes in the rivers and lakes are then subtracted, the soil moisture, snow and ice are also subtracted and finally only the groundwater remains.

Each of these other masses has its own experts who contribute their data here. These are located in Austria (Graz University of Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Earth Observation Data Center EODC), Germany (GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ in Potsdam), Switzerland (University of Bern, University of Zurich), France (Collection Localisation Satellites CLS, Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales LEGOS, Magellium), Spain (FutureWater), Finland (Finnish Meteorological Institute) and the Netherlands (International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre IGRAC).

Europe has a water problem

The result of this cooperation shows that the water situation in Europe has now become very precarious. Torsten Mayer-Gürr had not expected this on such a big scale. “A few years ago, I would never have imagined that water would be a problem here in Europe, especially in Germany or Austria. We are actually getting problems with the water supply here—we have to think about this,” he explains. From his point of view, it is first of all necessary to be able to document the continuing drought using data and to have continuous satellite missions on this in space.