China had a highly successful 2022 in space as it completed initial construction of its Tiangong space station, launched two crews to occupy it, and set a new national record with 64 launch attempts.
Human Spaceflight
Shenzhou-13 taikonauts Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu returned to Earth on April 16. They were the second crew to occupy the Tiangong space station, and the first to spend six months aboard. The taikonauts set a new record for Chinese human spaceflight.
The Shenzhou-14 crew of Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe were launched to the space station on June 5. Their six-month mission would be the most important yet as they would be on board for the arrival and commissioning of two science modules.
The 23-metric ton (25.4 ton) Wentian module was launched on July 24, docking with the station early the next day after a 13-hour flight.
The 17.9 meter (58.7 ft) long module includes laboratory equipment for life sciences, biotechnology and variable gravity experiments. The module also has 22 external mounting devices for the attachment of unpressurized experiments. Wentian features a robotic arm that is half the size as the one mounted on the outside of the Tianhe core module.
Wentian includes three sleeping berths, a kitchen and a toilet to accommodate the expansion of the station’s full-time complement from three to six taikonauts. The module will provide additional propulsion, control and avionics to back up the Tianhe core module. Wentian is powered by two solar panels.
A Long March 5B launched the Mengtian module on Oct. 31.Mengtian is the same size and basic configuration as the Wentian module. It provided more space for experiments and storage.
Both modules were launched by Long March 5B rockets that have a unique feature: the massive core stage enters orbit with no way to deorbit it in a controlled way over some remote part of the ocean. Thus, the core stage keeps circling the Earth over most of the planet’s population, getting ever lower as analysts try to figure out where it’s going to rain down debris after it hits the atmosphere.
Thus far, the world has dodged a bullet. There have been no reports of injuries or property damage. NASA has condemned this practice, but to no avail.
Tiangong Launches and Return Flights
2 Crew
2 Resupply
2 Station Modules
| Date | Launch Vehicle | Launch Site | Spacecraft | Purpose | Crew |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| April 16, 2022 | — | — | Shenzhou-13 | Crew return | Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping, Ye Guangfu (launched Oct. 15, 2021) |
| May 9, 2022 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | Tianzhou 4 | Resupply | None |
| June 5, 2022 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | Shenzhou-14 | Crew launch | Chen Dong, Liu Yang, Cai Xuzhe |
| July 24, 2022 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | Wentian | Station module | None |
| Oct. 31, 2022 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | Mengtian | Station module | None |
| Nov. 9, 2022 | — | — | Tianzhou-4 | Resupply ship departure | None |
| Nov. 12, 2022 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | Tianzhou-5 | Resupply | None |
| Nov. 29, 2022 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | Shenzhou-15 | Crew launch | Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, Zhang Lu |
The Shenzhou 14 crew conducted numerous experiments and three space walks totaling nearly 16 hours during their six-month mission.
The Shenzhou-15 crew of Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming and Zhang Lu were launched on Nov. 29 for the first on-orbit handover of the space station. Tiangong had been left empty when the first two crews departed.
The crew of Shenzhou-14 returned to Earth on Dec. 4 after 182 days in space.
Launch Statistics
China set a new record last year by launching 64 times, with 62 successes and two failures. The total exceeded that of the previous year when the nation conducted 53 successful launches and suffered three failures.
The government-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) launched 53 times without failure. That placed CASC in second place behind SpaceX, which launched 61 times last year.
Chinese Launches
2022
| Launch Vehicle | Company | Successes | Failures | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long March 2 | CASC* | 24 | 0 | 24 |
| Long March 4 | CASC | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| Kuaizhou-1A | ExPace | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Long March 3B/E | CASC | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Long March 11, 11H | CASC | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Long March 7, 7A | CASC | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Long March 5B | CASC | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Long March 6 | CASC | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Long March 6A | CASC | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Ceres-1 | Galactic Energy | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Kuaizhou 11 | ExPace | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Long March 8 | CASC | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Jielong-3 | China Rocket | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| ZK-1A | CAS Space | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Hyperbola-1 | i-Space | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2) | LandSpace | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 62 | 2 | 64 |
CASC’s Long March 6A made its maiden flight in March. Long March 6A has two YF-100 engines on its first stage instead of one on the Long March 6. It also has four solid rocket boosters where Long March 6 has none. Long March 6A can place 4,500 kg (9,921 lb) into a 700 km (435 mile) high sun synchronous orbit. Long March 6 can launch 1,080 kg (2,381 lb) into the same orbit.
Six other companies — some private, others subsidiaries of state-owned companies — conducted nine successful launches and experienced two failures. Many of the companies used solid-fuel boosters believed to be adapted from intercontinental ballistic missiles.
Chinese Commercial Launches
2022
| Company | Type | Launch Vehicle | Launches | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ExPace | Public | Kuaizhou 1A | 4 | Success |
| Kuaizhou 11+ | 1 | Success | ||
| Galactic Energy | Private | Ceres-1 | 2 | Success |
| CAS Space | Public/private | Zhongke-1A (ZK-1A)* | 1 | Success |
| China Rocket | Public | Jielong 3 (Smart Dragon 3)* | 1 | Success |
| LandSpace | Private | Zhuque-2* | 1 | Failure |
| i-space | Private | Hyperbola-1 | 1 | Failure |
* Maiden launch
ExPace launched four Kuaizhou 1A rockets and one Kuaizhou 11 booster last year. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the government-owned China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation (CASIC).
Kuaizhou 1A has a record of 16 successes and two failures. Kuaizhou 11 has a record of 1-1, having failed on its maiden flight in 2020.
Launch Vehicle Capabilities
| Launch Vehicle | Company | LEO | SSO (500 km/311 miles) |
SSO (700 km/435 miles) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperbola-1 | i-space | 300 kg (661 lb) | — | — |
| Kuaizhou 1A | ExPace | 300 kg (661 lb) | 250 kg (551 lb) | 200 kg (441 lb) |
| Ceres-1 | Galactic Energy | 400 kg (882 lb) | 300 kg (661 lb) | — |
| Kuaizhou 11 | ExPace | 1,500 kg (3,307 lb) | — | 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) |
| Jielong 3 (Smart Dragon 3) | China Rocket | — | 1,500 kg (3,307 lb) | — |
| Zhongke-1A (ZK-1A) | CAS Space | 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) | 1,500 kg ( 3,307 lb) | — |
| Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2) | LandSpace | 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) | 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) | — |
Privately-held Galactic Energy launched its Ceres-1 booster two times last year. The rocket has a record of 5-0.
CAS Space’s Zhongke-1A (ZK-1A) rocket succeeded on its maiden flight from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. CAS Space is a partly owned by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
China Rocket succeeded in launching its four-stage, solid-fuel Jielong 3 (Smart Dragon 3) rocket on its maiden flight. The booster placed 14 satellites into orbit on a rideshare mission. China Rocket is a subsidiary of the government-owned China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, which itself is a subsidiary of CASC.
Maiden Flights of Chinese Rockets
2022
| Launcher | Company | First Launch | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long March 6A | CASC | March 29, 2022 | Success |
| Zhongke-1A (ZK-1A) | CAS Space | July 27, 2022 | Success |
| Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon 3) | China Rocket | Dec. 9, 2022 | Success |
| Zhuque-2 | LandSpace | Dec. 14, 2022 | Failure |
LandSpace did not have the same success with the maiden flight of its liquid-fuel Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2) launch vehicle. The booster’s second stage vernier engine failed after launch from the Jiuquan spaceport. It was the first launch attempt of a rocket fueled by liquid methane.
i-space Hyperbola-1 rocket failed in May. It was the booster’s third failure in four launches since its maiden flight in July 2019.
Satellites Launched
China launched 182 satellites last year. The top satellites by function were Earth observation, reconnaissance, technology demonstration, communications, navigation and space station support.
Top Chinese Satellite Launches by Function
2022
| Function | Number |
|---|---|
| Earth observation | 83 |
| Reconnaissance | 27 |
| Technology demonstration | 18 |
| Communications | 13 |
| Navigation & communications | 9 |
| Space station support | 6 |
| Navigation | 4 |
| 127 |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology had 54 satellites launched, including 51 Earth observation spacecraft. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was second with 36 satellites, including 25 reconnaissance spacecraft.
Chinese Launches by Location
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center was the most used Chinese spaceport last year with 25 launches. That put the spaceport behind Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida where 38 launches were conducted. (Florida hosted 57 orbital launches when the adjoining Kennedy Space Center is included.)
CASC launched 17 times from Jiuquan. CAS Space, ExPace, Galactic Energy, i-space and LandSpace conducted eight launches from the spaceport.
Chinese Launches by Location
2022
| Launch Site | Successes | Failures | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jiuquan | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| Taiyuan | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| Xichang | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| Wenchang | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| East China Sea | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Yellow Sea | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 62 | 2 | 64 |
The increase in the number of Chinese launches has made the nation’s four spaceports much busier. To relieve some of that pressure, three launches were conducted from platforms in the East China and Yellow seas.
